Systems and Methods for Simultaneously Charging a Battery with Multiple Power Sources

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for power management are disclosed herein. In one disclosed embodiment, a battery charging system includes a battery charger for simultaneously charging a battery (and/or providing power to a system load) with multiple power sources, using a closed-loop charging servo target based on measurements taken by one or more gauges. In some embodiments, the multiple power sources may be utilized simultaneously according to a charging profile that specifies, e.g., one or more battery charging parameters, as well as according to determined priority levels for one or more of the multiple power sources coupled to the battery. In some embodiments, the priority level of a given power source is not fixed; rather, the priority level for the given power source may change based upon the characteristics of the given power source. In some embodiments, the priority levels for the multiple power sources are implemented using cascaded voltage target values.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/083,917, filed Mar. 29, 2016, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/305,344, filed Mar. 8, 2016, and isrelated in subject matter to the commonly-assigned co-pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/323,961, the contents of whichapplications are entirely incorporated herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to power management and batterycharging systems. More particularly, an embodiment related to a batterycharging system for simultaneously charging a battery with multiplepower sources using a closed-loop charging servo is disclosed. Otherembodiments are also described herein.

BACKGROUND

Many electronic devices today, especially portable electronic devices,use batteries for power when mains electricity or other traditionalwired power sources are not available. In many instances, it would bedesirable for such portable electronic devices to be able tosimultaneously charge their battery (or batteries) using multipledifferent external (or internal) power sources. Such a system, forexample, could include a laptop with both a traditional charging port,e.g., for charging the device from a wired power adapter, as well asmultiple charge-capable ports, such as USB-C ports.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, a prioritized systemfor simultaneously charging a battery from multiple power sources isachieved. Instead of selecting a single power source as the input of acharger, each of the multiple power source may utilize its own powerconverter, and the outputs of all of the power converters and thebattery may be directly connected to a common V_(MAIN) system rail forpowering the system load and/or charging the battery. A closed-loopservo, e.g., running on a microprocessor, may be utilized to coordinateamong the multiple power sources and charge the battery in an efficientmanner. According to some embodiments, the pass FET 140 and the chargeFET 185, shown in the circuit topology of FIG. 1, may be combined into asingle charge/pass FET that is controlled by a battery gauge in abattery pack of the electronic device. According to some embodiments,the battery gauge may also be responsible for system safety.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, closed-loop controlof a battery charging process (in a battery charging system) is achievedby adjusting the voltage targets of the multiple power converters tocontrol battery charging, based upon a known priority scheme andmeasurements taken by one or more sensors that are located in thebattery and/or the multiple power converters.

According to some embodiments, a charging controller, e.g., implementedusing a microprocessor, repeatedly determines or updates a servo targetat a first frequency, in accordance with a feedback control loopalgorithm (or process). The feedback control loop process may calculateerror values, based on comparing a.) a desired and predeterminedcharging profile that specifies target values for one or more batteryparameters, with b.) one or more of a present battery current, a presentbattery voltage, a present battery temperature, or an inferred metric,such as state of charge, lithium surface concentration, or the currentdivided by the battery capacity, which may be provided by the batterygauge and its sensors.

According to some embodiments, the target voltage of the highestpriority power source may be set to the output of aproportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, which output is alsoreferred to herein as, V_(SERVO). The target voltage of the secondhighest priority power source may then be set to the target voltage ofthe first priority power source target minus a fixed ‘voltagedifference’ amount. The voltage difference amount may be determined by,e.g., the accuracies of the two power converters, with the voltagedifference offset amount being set in order to make sure that the twovoltage targets could never inadvertently overlap, given the accuraciesof the power converters. By setting the different power converters totargets that are separated by more than the power converters'accuracies, the control servo simultaneously prioritizes the powerconverters—and prevents the power converters from fighting each otherover control of the V_(MAIN) voltage.

In systems with more than two power converters, the priority scheme maybe implemented by continuing to set the voltage targets of the remainingpower converters to have lower target voltages by ‘cascading’ the targetvoltages for each power converter to lower and lower values for eachpower converter in order of descending priority, e.g., by decreasing thevoltage target of each power converter by an additional ‘voltagedifference’ amount from the voltage target of the power converter havingthe immediately higher priority level. In some embodiments, the voltagedifference amount may be determined by the margin of error for therespective power converters, which may fluctuate, e.g., with operatingconditions such as voltage and/or temperature. In other embodiments,rather than being fixed, the ‘voltage difference’ amount may bedifferent between different pairs of power converters with adjacentpriority levels.

According to embodiments, the power source priority is not fixed to aspecific power converter, and instead may change depending upon thecharacteristics of the power source. For instance, in a system withmultiple charge-capable USB-C ports, the power source with the highestpower capability may be selected as the highest priority converter, andwhich port that is would depend upon which USB-C port that the highestpower capable power source is connected to.

In an embodiment, a method performed by a battery charging systemincludes measuring, by one or more sensors and/or sensor circuitry in abattery, at least one of a battery current, a battery voltage, a batterytemperature, or an inferred metric such as state of charge or thebattery current divided by the battery capacity of a battery pack orcell in the battery pack. The method may further include repeatedlyupdating, by a charging controller that is coupled with the one or moresensors, a variable servo target in accordance with a first feedbackcontrol loop process that is based on the measured battery side current,battery side voltage, battery side temperature, or inferred metric suchas state of charge or the battery current divided by the batterycapacity. Determining the servo target may include determining a profilevoltage target and a profile current target for each of the multiplepower converters, based on a predetermined or stored charging priorityprofile, and comparing the measured battery voltage to the profilevoltage targets and/or comparing the measured battery current to theprofile current targets to determine an error for each of the multiplepower converters. The servo target may then be determined based on thedetermined errors for each of the multiple power converters, inaccordance with the first feedback control loop process. The method mayfurther include repeatedly adjusting, by a charging controller, one ormore power conversion circuits that each produces output voltages on apower supply rail that is directly connected to a terminal of thebattery pack and the system load, wherein the produced voltage is inaccordance with the servo target, wherein the servo target may be based,at least in part, on the determined profile targets. The feedbackcontrol loop processes may include a PID control scheme having, forexample, a non-zero integrator gain, and no requirements (other thanstability) on the proportional or derivative gains, which may even beset to zero (or omitted).

In an embodiment, a battery charging system and method prevents integral‘windup’ in the PID control scheme. The charger controller may beconfigured to provide a notification when any target other than thebattery voltage rail is limiting the control of any of the multiplepower converters. For example, a method may include determining whetherany of the multiple power converters are limited by an input voltage ofthe power converter, an input current of the power converter, or a dutycycle of the power converter. When the input voltage, the input current,a die thermal limit, or the duty cycle is limiting each of the connectedmultiple power converters, the charging system may be configured todiscontinue its repeated determining or updating of the servo target toprevent a so-called windup condition. If, on the other hand, at leastone of the power converters is not so limited, the charging system maycontinue its repeated determining or updating of the servo target andtarget voltages.

Embodiments may also include non-transitory, computer-readable mediahaving computer-readable instructions for controlling a battery chargingprocess. For example, instructions may cause a battery charging systemto implement the methods described above.

The above Summary does not include an exhaustive list of all aspects ofthe present invention. It is contemplated that the invention includesall systems and methods that can be practiced from all suitablecombinations of the various aspects summarized above, as well as thosedisclosed in the Detailed Description below and particularly pointed outin the claims filed with the application. Such combinations haveparticular advantages not specifically recited in the above Summary.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example andnot by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings inwhich like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted thatreferences to “an” or “one” embodiment of the invention in thisdisclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and they mean atleast one. Also, in the interest of conciseness, a given figure may beused to illustrate the features of more than one embodiment of theinvention, or more than one species of the invention, and not allelements in the figure may be required for a given embodiment orspecies.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a standard multiple power source batterycharging system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a multiple power source battery chargingsystem having a charger in communication with a battery, in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a closed-loop charging servo controllerfor a multiple power source battery charging system, in accordance withone or more embodiments.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating a control scheme for a multiplepower source closed-loop battery charging system, in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating a control scheme for a multiplepower source closed-loop battery charging system, in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method for operating a multiplepower source closed-loop battery charging system, in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an electronic device having a multiplepower source closed-loop battery charging system, in accordance with oneor more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the inventive concept. As part of this description,some of this disclosure's drawings represent structures and devices inblock diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention. In theinterest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation aredescribed in this specification. Moreover, the language used in thisdisclosure has been principally selected for readability andinstructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate orcircumscribe the inventive subject matter, resort to the claims beingnecessary to determine such inventive subject matter. Reference in thisdisclosure to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment” means that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectionwith the embodiment is included in at least one implementation of theinvention, and multiple references to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” should not be understood as necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

The embodiments described herein relate to battery charging systems foruse in electronic devices powered by batteries. While some embodimentsare described with specific regard to integration within portableelectronic devices, the embodiments are not so limited, and certainembodiments may also be applicable to other uses. For example, one ormore of the embodiments described below may be integrated within devicesor apparatuses that are powered by batteries, regardless of whether thedevices or apparatuses typically operate at a single location.

In various embodiments, description is made with reference to theFigures. However, certain embodiments may be practiced without one ormore of these specific details, or in combination with other knownmethods and configurations. In the following description, numerousspecific details are set forth, such as specific configurations,dimensions, and processes, in order to provide a thorough understandingof the embodiments. In other instances, well-known processes andmanufacturing techniques have not been described in particular detail inorder to not unnecessarily obscure the description. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, configurations, or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

In an aspect, an embodiment of a battery charging system includesclosed-loop control of a charging process based on measurements taken ina battery, e.g., by a battery gauge. A battery gauge may measurecharacteristics of a battery, e.g., cell current, cell voltage, and/orcell temperature, using sensor circuitry in the battery and providethose measurements to a controller. The controller may use thesemeasurements, inferred metrics (e.g., state of charge or the batterycurrent divided by the battery capacity to a battery controller), and/orcharging profile information to determine a servo target and/or targetvoltages for each of multiple power converters being used tosimultaneously charge the battery.

For example, the battery charger may implement a feedback control loopprocess based on a comparison between at least one target value of acharging profile and the received measurements to repeatedly update theservo target at a first rate. The servo target may be updated to drivean error signal between the received measurements and one or more targetvalues of the charging profile, e.g., target voltage or target current,toward zero. In this way, the servo target may be used to control thecharging of the battery to one or more target values, as determined by acharging profile.

According to some embodiments, a priority scheme may be employed, suchthat the power source with the highest priority provides as much poweras it can, followed by the power supply having the second-highestpriority, etc.—until all of the desired power is provided from among allof the multiple connected power sources. For example, if a servocontroller sets a target charging voltage for the highest priority powersource that it is unable to meet, the servo target (and, by extension,the target voltages of each of the multiple power sources) may beincrementally increased until one (or more) of the multiple powersources is able to begin providing a voltage at the desired level, suchthat the cell voltage measured by the battery gauge reaches the targetcharging voltage.

An exemplary circuit solution 100 to such a multiple power sourcebattery charging system is shown in FIG. 1. The ‘n’ multiple powersources 105 are labeled as V_(IN) _(_) ₁ through V_(IN) _(_) _(n). Themultiple power sources 105 could come from, e.g., multiple externalconnections to different direct current (DC) power sources (such aspower supplies or external batteries), or a mixture of externalconnections to power sources and internal connections to power sources(such as wireless power receivers, solar panels, etc.). An input voltageselector, such as multiplexer 112 may choose, via input voltage selectsignal 110, one of the multiple power sources 105 to be connected to asingle charger integrated circuit (IC) 115 responsible for charging theinternal battery 198 (e.g., located in a battery pack 160 within theelectronic device) and powering the system load 150 at a voltage level,V_(MAIN). When no other external (or internal) power source isavailable, the charger 115 may then connect the internal battery 198 toV_(MAIN) to power the system load 150.

A multiple power source battery charging system, such as is shown inFIG. 1, may be responsible for charging a battery from a DC powersource, such as from a 5V USB connection. A charger IC, such as charger115, may be comprised of a power converter 130, a charger controller108, and a pass field effect transistor (FET) 140. The power converter130 may be comprised of a linear regulator or switching power supply,such as a buck or boost converter, which is responsible for convertingthe input DC power from the selected power source 105 to power on theV_(MAIN) rail. The power may be delivered through the pass FET 140, andcharger 115 may control the pass FET 140 to adjust a voltage and currentfed to battery 198 for charging.

A charger controller 108 may control power converter 130 to deliverpower directly to system load 150 and to charge the battery pack 160,based on the various capabilities of power sources 105. Control bycharger controller 108 is typically influenced by measurements providedto charger controller 108 by various sensors. More specifically, charger115 generally measures current and voltage within the charger 115, i.e.within the same integrated circuit package, when delivering current tocharge the battery 198. For example, charger 115 may include a chargercurrent sensor 126 to measure the current that is delivered through thepass FET 140 to battery 198. Likewise, charger 115 may include a chargervoltage sensor 128 to measure a battery rail voltage at the charger 115.Charger 115 may also comprise an input current sensor 120 and inputvoltage sensor 122, as well as a converter output voltage sensor 124 formeasuring the voltage on the V_(MAIN) rail. The input current 120 andinput voltage 122 may be measured, e.g., to prevent too much power frombeing pulled from the power source, based upon its current limit and/ora maximum allowed voltage droop. The V_(MAIN) voltage 124 may bemeasured to maintain the V_(MAIN) voltage above a minimum voltage, e.g.,when the battery voltage is low, or to control the V_(MAIN) voltage whenthe battery 198 is full. Charger 115 may also take measurements ofbattery temperature, e.g., with temperature sensor 196. The batterycurrent 126, battery voltage 128, and battery temperature 196measurements may also be used to control temperature-dependent currentand voltage limits for battery charging.

The pass FET 140 typically has three responsibilities:

1. When charging is complete and the battery is full, the pass FET 140may be disabled to prevent further charge from entering the battery 198,while the power converter 130 continues to supply power to the systemload 150 via the V_(MAIN) rail.2. Charging systems typically have a minimum V_(MAIN) system voltageneeded to run the electronic device that is higher than the minimumbattery voltage. If the battery voltage drops lower than the minimumV_(MAIN) system voltage, then the charger 115 may control the powerconverter 130 to maintain the V_(MAIN) voltage above the minimum systemvoltage, while linearly controlling the pass FET 140 to charge thebattery 198 at a lower voltage.3. The pass FET 140 is typically designed with a FET mirror technique inorder to measure the current 126 flowing into the battery for controlpurposes. In other embodiments, an external sense resistor may be usedto measure the battery current 126.

The system may also include a battery gauge 180 that is locatedremotely, e.g., in battery pack 160. The battery gauge 180 may usebattery sensors that may be integrated directly at one or more batterycells 198 to sense battery operating parameters. These parameters mayinclude sensed battery voltage 190, battery current 192, and batterytemperature 194. These measurements are then typically used to inferbattery characteristics, such as state of charge, impedance, capacity,time left until fully discharged, etc. More specifically, themeasurements made by the battery gauge are typically relied upon toreport system characteristics to a user, e.g., through a display iconindicating a state of charge of battery pack 160.

The charger measurements (120/122/124/126/128/196) are typicallyindependent from the battery gauge measurements of voltage (190),current (192), and temperature (194), as shown in FIG. 1. Themeasurements by the battery gauge 180 are used to measure the state ofcharge and capacity of the battery and are not typically used to controlcharging. In addition to gauging the battery, the battery circuitry mayalso comprise safety circuitry 170 that is responsible for ensuring thebattery is operated safely, with control of a charge FET 185 anddischarge FET 175 that, when disabled, prevent charging and dischargingof the battery 198, respectively. The battery gauge 180 and safetycircuitry 170 within the battery pack 160 are often implemented asindependent circuits, as shown in FIG. 1.

One issue with the multiple power source battery charging circuitsolution, e.g., as depicted in FIG. 1, is that the system must choosewhich power source 105 to use to power the system load 150 and/or chargethe battery 198. If the chosen power source is not strong enough toprovide all of the power for the system load and charge the battery,then the battery will charge more slowly than desired—and possibly evendischarge, in order to provide the needed power to the system load.

Thus, what is desirable is a system that can simultaneously pull powerfrom more than one—or even all—of the available power sources accordingto a charging priority scheme, such that the power source with thehighest priority provides as much power as it can, followed by the powersupply having the second-highest priority, etc.—until all of the desiredpower is provided from among all of the multiple connected powersources.

Turning now to FIG. 2, a schematic view 200 of a multiple power sourcebattery charging system having chargers in communication with a batteryis shown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. More particularly,the circuit topology of FIG. 2 provides a prioritized system forsimultaneously charging a single battery 298 from multiple power sources205. Instead of selecting a single power source as the input of acharger, each power source 205, labeled as V_(IN) _(_) ₁ through V_(IN)_(_) _(n), has its own “charger” 215, labeled as 215 _(a) through 215_(n), comprising an individual power converter 230, labeled as 230 _(a)through 230 _(n), and associated current and voltage measurementcircuitry 220 _(n)/222 _(n)/224 _(n), and the outputs of all of thepower converters 230 a-230 n and the battery pack 260 are connected to acommon V_(MAIN) system rail 255. A closed-loop servo running on aprocessor, shown as microprocessor 240 in FIG. 2, may be responsible forcoordinating the power sources and charging the battery, e.g., overcommunications interface 210. The pass FET 140 and the charge FET 185 inthe standard circuit topology shown in FIG. 1 are combined into a singlecharge/pass FET 285 in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, which maybe controlled by the combined battery gauge and safety circuit 280.

As described with reference to FIG. 1, battery pack 260 may also usebattery sensors that may be integrated directly at one or more batterycells 298 to sense battery operating parameters. These parameters mayinclude sensed battery voltage 290, battery current 292, and batterytemperature 294. These measurements are then typically used to inferbattery characteristics, such as state of charge, impedance, capacity,time left until fully discharged, etc. Battery pack 260 may alsocomprise a voltage sensor 270, which may report the voltage at node 265,i.e., the common V_(MAIN) system rail 255 to which the battery pack 260and each of the power converters 230 a-230 n are connected.

As mentioned above, the circuit topology of FIG. 2 enables multiplepower sources to simultaneously charge a single battery. The basicpremise of a closed-loop servo, such as that running on microprocessor240, is that the voltage target of the charger may be adjusted basedupon measurements from the battery gauge and a desired charging profile.The battery voltage and current are correlated by the impedance of thebattery, which does not change quickly. As a consequence, a constantcharging current can be controlled by comparing the battery gauge'smeasurement of the current to a target current and adjusting thecharger's voltage target at a manageable servo rate, e.g., at a rate of1 Hz, without needing a circuit that directly controls the batterycurrent.

The '961 application describes in further detail how the closed-loopservo may run in a microprocessor that reads measurements from thebattery gauge and sets a target voltage in the charger, referred to asV_(SERVO). According to the '961 application, to prevent servo windup,if the single power converter cannot control its output voltage to thetarget voltage, the charger must inform the servo that it is limited(e.g., by an input current limit), and the servo responds by holding thetarget voltage to the same level. To reduce quantization noise, theprecision of the charger output voltage is typically designed to be afew millivolts (mV) or better. Only precision is required, as accuracyis provided by the accurate voltage and current measurements of thebattery gauge. The charger should also be designed with a minimum outputimpedance, often called ‘zero load line,’ as the target voltage shouldbe controlled within the high bandwidth of the charger and not dependupon loads of the system.

The '961 application also describes how a closed-loop charging servocombined with a battery gauge that directly controls the charge anddischarge FETs can eliminate the need for the pass FET typically neededin the traditional charger, shown in FIG. 1, without eliminating thethree pass FET responsibilities outlined above:

1. When charging is complete and the battery is full, the battery gauge280 disables its charge FET, shown as the CHG/Pass FET 285 in FIG. 2,instead of the charger's pass FET 140 in FIG. 1, allowing the powerconverter to continue to provide power to the V_(MAIN) system rail 255.[A discharge FET, shown as the DSG FET 275 in FIG. 2 may play a similarrole to the discharge FET 175 shown in FIG. 1, i.e., allowing orpreventing the discharging of the battery pack 260 depending on whetheror not it is enabled.]2. The power converter maintains the V_(MAIN) system rail 255 above theminimum system voltage, while the battery gauge 280 controls theCHG/Pass FET 285 linearly to provide power to the battery 298 at avoltage that is lower than the V_(MAIN) voltage. The battery gauge 280may require a high bandwidth servo controlling the gate of the CHG/PassFET 285 to control the battery voltage, while simultaneously notallowing the V_(MAIN) voltage to droop below a set level, therebyprioritizing the power to the system load 250 over charging the battery298.3. The closed-loop servo can control the current into the battery 298 byusing the gauge's 280 measurement of the current in the battery 292 andadjusting the power converters' target voltages, thus eliminating theneed for a traditional pass FET 140 in the charger that can measure orcontrol the battery current. According to some embodiments, the batterygauge 280 may also assume the responsibilities of the safety integratedcircuit, shown at element 170 in FIG. 1, thus eliminating the need for aseparate safety IC.

Turning now to FIG. 3, a schematic view 300 of a closed-loop chargingservo controller for a multiple power source battery charging system isshown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The feedback controlsystem required for the topology shown in FIG. 3 is similar to thatdescribed in the '961 application, but, rather than controlling a singlecharger voltage target value, the system shown in FIG. 3 sets the targetvoltage values for each of a plurality of power converters, according todetermined priority levels. The dashed line box 305 labeled, “SingleSource Closed-Loop Charging Servo Controller,” contains the componentsthat may be used to control the output of the PID controller 340, whichmay be used to set the target value for the highest priority powerconverter. For example, components 310/315/320/325 may be used tomeasure and compare each battery parameter that the system may beattempting to control. For instance, the battery parameter associatedwith profile target value A (310 a) might be a current profile targetvalue, the battery parameter associated with profile target value B (310b) might be a voltage profile target value, and the battery parameterassociated with profile target value M (310 m) might be a powerdissipation profile target value for the charge FET. The minimum circuit330 ensures that the most limiting parameter controls the PID controller340's servo output value. For example, if the current profile targetvalue is 1.0 amp, the voltage profile target value is 4.0V, and themaximum charge FET power dissipation profile target value is 0.5 W, thenthe PID controller 340 will select (through the min circuit 330) onlythe dominant attribute to control the servo output value. If the currentprofile target value dominates, for example, then the PID controller 340may adjust the main voltage (V_(SERVO) 350) to keep the current at 1.0A. In this hypothetical example, the voltage would be less than 4.0V andthe charge FET power would be less than 0.5 W.

As mentioned above, the inputs to the control servo are various profiletarget values 310 and measurements from the battery gauge 315. A typicalprofile target value may be a current or voltage limit, and thecorresponding measurement may be the current or voltage measured by thegauge. The difference between the profile target 310 and the gaugemeasurement 315, sometimes multiplied by a gain Gm 320, forms an errorterm ε_(m) 325, which is defined as positive if the measurement iswithin bounds, i.e., less than the profile target value. A minimum ofall of the separate error terms, shown as ε_(Min) 335 in FIG. 3, may becalculated by a minimum circuit 330, and is then used as the input errorto a standard PID controller 340. The PID controller 340 may then adjustits output, V_(SERVO) 350, in order to servo the input error ε_(min) tozero.

In a single power source system, such as is described in the '961application, the feedback control loop may comprise a PID controllerhaving an output, V_(SERVO), that is the target set point value for thepower converter, or V_(MAIN) voltage. If the power converter is limitedby something other than the output voltage, such as the input currentlimit, then the power converter would indicate that it was limited, andthe PID servo controller would be paused and hold its output value toprevent servo windup.

In a feedback control loop for a multiple power source battery chargingsystem, such as is disclosed herein, by contrast, the target voltage ofthe highest priority power source, V_(TGT1) (380 ₁), may be set to theoutput of the PID controller 340, i.e., V_(SERVO) 350. Then, the targetvoltage of the second highest priority power source V_(TGT2) (380 ₂)could be set to the target voltage of the first priority power source,V_(TGT1) (380 ₁), target minus a fixed voltage difference, ΔV₁₂ (375 ₁),wherein the size of the voltage difference may be determined by theaccuracies of the two power converters and may be implemented using asimple subtractor circuit (370 ₁). This method may be extended, as shownin FIG. 3, depending upon the number of power sources 205, so, forinstance, the target voltage of a third priority power source, V_(TGT3)(380 ₃), could be set to the target voltage of second priority powersource, V_(TGT2) (380 ₂), minus a fixed voltage difference, ΔV₂₃ (375₂), and so on, for each of the power sources being utilized.

The fixed voltage difference between power converters, such as ΔV₁₂ (375₁), may be determined by the accuracy of each power converter to makesure that the two voltage targets could never overlap, given theaccuracies of the power converters, and thus accidently invert thedesired respective priority levels of the power converters. By settingthe different power converters to targets that are separated by morethan the power converters' respective accuracies, the control servo maysimultaneously prioritize the power converters and prevent the powerconverters from fighting each other over control of the V_(MAIN)voltage.

In some embodiments, the various power sources may be controlled bysomething other than output voltage targets, e.g., a current target, apower target, or a combination thereof may be used. With other types ofpower sources, e.g., fuel cells, the target value may be related anoxygen level or throttle level, rather than a voltage or current target,as well. However, as long as the output targets of the various multiplepower converters are able to be set by the system in a controlled, e.g.,mathematical, manner, the system may be able to enforce its desiredpriority scheme, according to the methods disclosed herein, usingcontrol schemes other than the particular ‘fixed voltage difference’scheme described above.

Note that the power source priority target number (e.g., 1 for firstpriority, 2 for second priority, 3 for third priority, etc.) is notnecessarily fixed to a specific power converter (e.g., Power ConverterA, Power Converter B, Power Converter C), but instead may changedepending upon the characteristics of the power source. For instance, ina system with multiple charge-capable USB-C ports, the power source withthe highest power capability (e.g., an AC-DC adapter that plugs into awall power outlet) may be selected as the highest priority power source(i.e., priority number 1), but which power converter that highestpriority power source corresponded to (e.g., Power Converter A, or B, orC, etc.) would depend upon which USB-C port that it was connected to.According to some embodiments, information and/or characteristicsallowing the system to determine the relative priorities of the variouspower source may be obtained via an enumeration protocol when the powersource is connected. Any desired prioritization scheme may be employed,e.g., prioritizing higher power output capability over lower poweroutput capability, prioritizing wired power sources over batteries,prioritizing power sources that come from ‘clean’ energy source overpower sources that come from ‘dirty’ energy source, etc., or somecombination(s) thereof.

To better understand the control, an exemplary system with two powerconverters, referred to herein as Power Converter A and Power ConverterB, will be described in greater detail. If the target of the PIDcontroller that servos the minimum error signal ε_(min) to zero were tobe 4.0V, and the minimum voltage difference amount of ΔV₁₂ (375 ₁) wasset to 50 mV, then the target voltage, V_(TGT1) (380 ₁), of the highestpriority power converter, i.e., Power Converter A in this example, wouldbe set to 4.0V, and the target voltage, V_(TGT2) (380 ₂), of the otherpower converter, i.e., Power Converter B in this example, would be setto 3.95V (i.e., 4.0V minus the minimum voltage difference amount of 50mV).

Power Converter A, as the highest priority converter in this scenario,would provide all of the power to V_(MAIN) for the system and chargingthe battery as long as it is able to hold 4.0V at its output. The secondpriority power converter, Power Converter B in this example, wouldprovide no power to the output because the output voltage at 4.0V ishigher than the power converter's target of 3.95 V. To prevent powerconverters from ‘fighting’ over which one provides power, in someembodiments, the power converters used in this topology are configuredto be able to actively increase the V_(MAIN) voltage by increasing theiroutput power, but are not allowed to pull power from the output to lowerthe V_(MAIN) voltage. If the power converters are implemented as DC-DCswitching supplies such as a buck converter, for example, then thisconstraint implies that the buck converter allows power to move in onedirection only. According to some embodiments, the uni-directional powerdelivery may be implemented by operating the converter in adiscontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Operating in DCM mode also allowslower priority power converters to be turned off when they are unneeded,e.g., when the target value for a particular power converter is lowerthan the actual V_(MAIN) voltage. By contrast, a bi-directional switcherconnected to an external battery may not be required to have a DCM mode,and would look like a system load while charging the external battery,but would instead look like a power source when it was either the onlypower source being used or was supplementing the higher priority powersources.

If the power source connected to Power Converter A in this example is nolonger able to control V_(MAIN) to 4.0 V for some reason, then theV_(MAIN) voltage would droop until it reached 3.95V, at which pointPower Converter B, which had been designated as the second-highestpriority power converter in this example, would start supplementing thepower and maintain V_(MAIN) at 3.95V. If the V_(MAIN) voltage were todroop down to 3.95V, however, the closed-loop servo would tend toincrease the output target to compensate for the offset, thus increasingthe V_(SERVO) value to 4.05V to restore the minimum error signal ε_(min)to zero. The highest priority power converter would therefore have itsvoltage target set to 4.05V, and second priority power converter'svoltage target would be set to 4.0V, with the second priority powerconverter in control and the highest priority power converter unable tocontrol its output to 4.05V due to some limitation, such as an inputcurrent limit. To successfully servo out any offset, the PID controllermay be configured to have a non-zero integrator gain, but notnecessarily have any other requirements (other than stability) withrespect to its proportional or derivative gains, which may even be setto zero or omitted.

In a single power source system such as described in the '961application, the PID controller output may be held to prevent windup ifthe single charger is limited by something other than the outputvoltage. In a multiple power source system, according to someembodiments described herein, the PID controller 340 may be held (e.g.,by a logical high signal on “HOLD” line 355) only if every powerconverter is limited by something other than their output voltage (i.e.,a logical high on each of the “CONVERTER n LIMITED?” lines 360 a-360 n),as implemented by the “AND” gate 365 in FIG. 3 that reports a logicalhigh signal only if each of lines 360 a-360 n are reporting logical highsignals, indicating that they are limited. By holding the voltagetargets in such a situation, the current into the battery willexponentially decay until one of the power sources is no longer limitedand capable of controlling its output to the target voltage, causing alogical low signal on “HOLD” line 355 and thus re-enabling the PID servo340.

Turning now to FIG. 4A, a block diagram 400 illustrating a controlscheme for a multiple power source closed-loop battery charging systemis shown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. As shown in FIG.4A, the servo controller 300 obtains the charging profile target values405 from the charging profile selector 410, which may be locatedexternally as a separate entity, within the battery gauge 280, or withinthe servo controller 300. The servo controller 300 may also receivebattery measurements 415 directly from the battery gauge 280, inaddition to information indicative of whether each power converter islimited by something other than the output voltage target 360 a-360 n.If at least one of the power converters is not limited, then the servocontroller 300 may use a PID controller 340 to determine a targetvoltage 380 for each power converter 230, as shown in FIG. 3. Thedetermined target voltages 380 may be updated at a chosen interval,e.g., once a second, or, 1 Hz. If all of the power converters 230 arelimited (i.e., a logical high on each of the “CONVERTER n LIMITED?”lines 360 a-360 n), then the PID controller output may remain frozen,and the target voltages 380 for each power converter 230 may remainunchanged.

According to some embodiments, the power converters 230 attempt tocontrol their output voltages to their respective target voltageswithout permitting current to flow in reverse, i.e., acting asuni-directional power sources. As mentioned with respect to FIG. 2, allof the voltage outputs of the power converters 230 may be connectedtogether to a V_(MAIN) power rail 255 that is connected to the systemload 250 and to the battery pack 260. The control loop is thus ‘closed,’with the battery 298 using various gauge A/Ds 296 to send relevantvoltage, current, and temperature readings to battery gauge 280, whichmay then forward the measurements 415 to allow the charging profileselector 410 to update the charging profile 405 and/or the servocontroller 300 to update its measurements, if necessary. As shown inFIG. 4A, Power Converter A 230 a is identified as the highest prioritypower source (and thus tied to V_(TGT1) 380 ₁) and power converter B 230b is identified as the second-highest priority power source (and thustied to V_(TGT2) 380 ₂). As will be illustrated with respect to FIG. 4B,according to some embodiments, this priority level is not fixed perpower converter, and may instead by altered or determined on-the-flyand/or as necessary as different power sources are connected to thesystem or various operating conditions change.

Turning now to FIG. 4B, a block diagram 450 illustrating a controlscheme for a multiple power source closed-loop battery charging systemis shown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. As mentionedabove, FIG. 4B illustrates the point that, according to someembodiments, the priorities of the power converters are not necessarilyfixed. In particular, compared to FIG. 4A, wherein Power Converter A 230a was the highest priority power source (and thus tied to V_(TGT1) 380₁) and Power Converter B 230 b was the second-highest priority powersource (and thus tied to V_(TGT2) 380 ₂), the situation is reversed inFIG. 4B. Thus, as shown in FIG. 4B, Power Converter B 230 b is nowdeemed the highest priority power source according to the chargingprofile (and thus tied to V_(TGT1) 380 ₁), and Power Converter A 230 ais the second-highest priority power source (and thus tied to V_(TGT2)380 ₂).

In other embodiments, the system may effectively use default prioritylevels for the initial priority levels of the power converters. In suchembodiments, the system may still determine and assign ‘true’ prioritiesto the converters once the power sources are plugged in and then enforcethose ‘true’ priorities, e.g., by utilizing appropriate offsets for eachof the ΔV_((n-1)n) (375 _(n)) values applied to the voltage targets foreach converter. For example, the system may use negative offsets for oneor more ΔV_((n-1)n) (375 _(n)) values in order to ‘force’ the convertersto have target voltages that reflect the ‘true’ priorities that thesystem desires to enforce. In this way, the system may reorder thepriorities of the various converters without actually having toreconfigure the connections between the various power converters and thePID controller 340.

Turning now to FIG. 5, a flowchart 500 illustrating a method foroperating a multiple power source closed-loop battery charging system isshown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. First, at Block 502,the method may obtain a charging profile for a battery that is to becharged. The charging profile may specify how to charge the battery,while the individual power converters advertise how much power they canprovide. The priorites of the power converters may then be set accordingto this information. According to some embodiments, a power source'spriority level may be directly correlated to the target output voltagethat will be set for the power converter that the power source iscoupled to. For example, the power converter connected to the powersource that is identified as having the highest priority will have thehighest target output voltage, the power converter connected to thepower source that is identified as having the second-highest prioritywill have the second-highest target output voltage, etc., and the powerconverter connected to the power source that is identified as having thelowest priority will have the lowest target output voltage.

Next, the method 500 may determine a priority level for each of the npower converters connected to the n power sources (Block 504). Next, theprocess may begin the operation of the multiple power source closed-loopcharging servo (Block 506). As mentioned above with reference to FIG. 3,the charging servo may operate by taking measurements from a batterygauge (Block 508). Next, the method 500 may update the charging profilefor the battery (if needed), based on the battery measurements, e.g.,the state of charge of the battery or the temperature of the battery(Block 510). Next, the method 500 may determine if the power converterconfiguration has changed, e.g., if power sources have been added orremoved, or if certain power sources have been connected to differentpower converters (Block 512). If the power converter configuration haschanged, the method 500 may return to Block 504 to re-determine thepriorities of the connected power converters. If, instead, at Block 512the power converter configuration has not changed, the method 500 mayproceed to receive indications of whether or not each of the n powerconverters are limited by something other than the output voltage (Block514). If, at Block 514, each of the n power converters are limited bysomething other than the output voltage, the method 500 may proceed toBlock 518, where the servo may calculate and set the target ‘cascaded’target voltages for each of the n power converters (e.g., based onpriority), before then returning to Block 508 to continue to takemeasurements from the battery gauge at a determined time interval todetermine whether subsequent adjustments to the servo target will beneeded. If, instead, at Block 514, each of the n power converters arenot limited by something other than the output voltage, the method 500may proceed to Block 516, where the servo may update its target,V_(SERVO), based, at least in part, on a minimum error term of thedominant battery parameter as compared to the battery's chargingprofile, before then proceeding to Block 518 to calculate and set thetarget ‘cascaded’ target voltages for each of the n power converters(e.g., based on priority).

Another advantage of the multiple power source battery charging designsdisclosed herein involves an embodiment wherein one or more of the powersources are external batteries. With a bi-directional power converter,an external battery can behave bi-directionally, i.e., it can be chargedfrom other power sources if power is available, and otherwise canprovide power to the system if needed. In such embodiments, thebi-directional power converter may act as the charger for the externalbattery, e.g., controlled by a similar closed-loop charging servo, withthe external battery designated as a low priority power source. If theother power sources, i.e., the higher priority power sources, were tobecome disconnected or were unable to provide all of the power necessaryto the system (including charging the internal battery and the externalbattery), then the external battery power source could ‘reverse’ and actas a power source, supplementing the other power sources. When using thetraditional or standard battery-charging architecture, e.g. as shown inFIG. 1, an external battery must alternate between being either a powersource or a power drain, but it cannot be designed to supplement otherexternal power supplies under heavy loads, as is possible with theembodiments described herein.

By designing a multiple power source battery charger design with allinputs connected together at V_(MAIN) (e.g., as shown at element 255 inFIG. 2), the system may simultaneously pull power from all of theavailable power sources—with a priority determined by the system. Thisrepresents an improvement over current standard designs, e.g., as shownin FIG. 1, which must select a single power source input at a time to beused to power the system and/or charge the internal battery. Anotheradvantage of the embodiments disclosed herein is that some powersources, such as an external battery, could behave in a bi-directionalmanner, whereby they may be charged from another power source if poweris available, and may otherwise provide power to the system if or whenneeded.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a schematic view of an electronic device 600having a multiple power source closed-loop battery charging system isshown, in accordance with one or more embodiments. Electronic device 600may be one of several types of portable or stationary devices orapparatuses with circuitry suited to specific functionality, and thus,the circuitry diagrammed in FIG. 6 is provided by way of example and notlimitation. Electronic device 600 may include a microprocessor 240 thatexecutes instructions to carry out the different functions andcapabilities described above. The instructions may be retrieved fromlocal memory 620, and may be in the form of an operating system program624 having device drivers 622, as well as one or more applicationprograms 622 that run on top of the operating system, to perform any ofvarious functions, e.g., telephony, e-mail, text messaging, mediaapplications, and/or Internet browsing.

Electronic device 600 may have battery pack 260 integrated within anexternal housing, and battery pack 260 may be connected to charger 215through connector 630. Charger 215 may be connected to a peripheralinterface connector 670 that allows connections with separate powersupplies 205 (labeled as PS1 through PSN), e.g., an AC wall poweradapter, a USB-C compatible power source, an external battery, a solarpanel, a fuel cell, or other green energy power source, for example.According to some embodiments, each power source 205 may be connected toits own power converter 230, each of which, as described above, may beconnected to the other power converters and the internal battery pack260 on a common V_(MAIN) system rail.

In the example shown in FIG. 6, the index of the various power sources,e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc. reflects the relative priority level of each powersource, i.e., PS1 represents the highest priority power source, PS2represents the second-highest priority power source, etc. As shown inFIG. 6, PS1 will be connected to Power Converter A, i.e., PC(A). Assuch, PC(A) will be assigned the highest target voltage. Likewise, PS2will be connected to Power Converter B, i.e., PC(B), so PC(B) will beassigned the second-highest target voltage. As mentioned above, thesepriority assignments are not fixed. Thus, if the lowest priority powersource were later to be connected to Power Converter A, Power ConverterA would be assigned the lowest target voltage. In other words, whenpower sources are coupled to device 600, a charging profile may assignpriorities to each of the various power converters that the powersources have been connected to, and then the device may connect theappropriate converter to the appropriate target output voltage. In thisway, the system maintains flexibility and does not require that certainpower sources always be connected to certain power converters, nor doesit require that the priority level of the power sources remain fixedover time.

Also shown in electronic device 600 is an internal power source 660,shown as being connected to Power Converter C, PC(C). Internal powersource 660 represents any number of potential power sources that couldbe located internal to electronic device 600, e.g., wireless powerreceivers, inductive charging coils, solar panels, fuel cells, etc.Internal power sources 660 could effectively be seamlessly intermixedwith external power sources 205, so long as an appropriate prioritylevel for the internal power source(s) could be assigned in conjunctionwith the one or more external power sources also potentially beingutilized to charge the electronic device 600's internal battery.

Charger 215 may be connected to microprocessor 240 via connector 640,comprising, e.g., wiring or a bus. In an embodiment, microprocessor 240controls the charger 215 by setting the various voltage targets forpower converters 230, as described in detail above. In an embodiment,microprocessor 240 may also be in communication with battery pack 260,such that battery pack 260 may communicate battery measurements tomicroprocessor 240, upon which the aforementioned servo target and powerconverter target voltage levels may be set.

Power supplied from the multiple power sources 205/660 to chargeinternal battery pack 260 and/or power system load 250 may be used topower the various components of electronic device 600 shown in the blockdiagram, e.g., display 605, user interface element 610, input/output(I/O) hardware and sensors (e.g., speakers, microphones, accelerometers,gyrometers, antennas, radios, etc.) 615, and memory subsystem 620. Ofcourse, this list of components is meant to be exemplary, and not in anyway limiting of the types or numbers of components that may be presentin electronic device 600.

EXAMPLES

The following examples pertain to additional embodiments.

Example 1 is a battery charging system, comprising: a controllerconfigured to couple to a battery gauge of a battery and a plurality ofpower converters, so as to supply power to a terminal of the battery,wherein the controller is configured to repeatedly update a servo targetat a first rate in accordance with a first feedback control loop processthat is based on a comparison between one or more profile target valuesof a charging profile and one or more battery metrics, wherein the oneor more battery metrics are determined by the battery gauge, whereineach of the plurality of power converters has an assigned prioritylevel, and wherein the plurality of converters are configured tosimultaneously charge the battery, in accordance with their respectiveassigned priority level and the servo target.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of example 1, further comprisingthe battery gauge, wherein the battery gauge is coupled with one or moresensors in the battery, and at least one of the one or more batterymetrics is based on at least one of a battery current or a batteryvoltage measured by the one or more sensors.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of example 1, wherein thecontroller is further configured to seta target value for each of theplurality of power converters based, at least in part, on the servotarget.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of example 3, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set the target value of the powerconverter having the highest assigned priority level to the value of theservo target.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of example 3, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set decreasing target values foreach of the plurality of power converters in decreasing order ofassigned priority level.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of example 5, wherein the targetvalue for a given power converter is set to the target value of thepower converter having an immediately higher priority level minus adifference offset amount.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of example 6, wherein thedifference offset amount is determined based, at least in part, on anaccuracy of the given power converter and the power converter having theimmediately higher priority level.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of example 6, wherein thedifference offset amount is not fixed for each of the plurality of powerconverters.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of example 1, wherein the assignedpriority level of a power converter is based, at least in part, on acharacteristic of a power supply coupled to the power converter.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of example 1, wherein theassigned priority level of a power converter is not fixed.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of example 1, wherein thecontroller is further configured to hold the servo target at a fixedvalue when each of the plurality of power converters is limited by atleast one of: a battery rail voltage, an input voltage of the givenpower converter, an input current of the given power converter, a diethermal limit, or a duty cycle of the given power converter.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of example 1, wherein each of theplurality of power converters comprises a uni-directional powerconverter.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of example 1, further comprisinga charging profile selector, wherein the charging profile selector isconfigured to update the one or more profile target values of thecharging profile based on the one or more battery metrics determined bythe battery gauge.

Example 14 is a method performed by a battery charging system,comprising: determining, by a battery gauge of a battery, one or morebattery metrics of the battery; repeatedly updating a servo target at afirst rate, in accordance with a first feedback control loop processthat is based, at least in part, on a comparison between one or moreprofile target values of a charging profile and the one or more batterymetrics; and repeatedly adjusting a plurality of power converters thatsupply power to a terminal of the battery, wherein each of the pluralityof power converters has an assigned priority level, and wherein theplurality of power converters are configured to simultaneously chargethe battery, in accordance with their respective assigned priority leveland the servo target.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of example 14, furthercomprising: comparing the one or more battery metrics to thecorresponding profile target values of the charging profile to determinea minimum error, and updating the servo target based on the minimumerror, in accordance with the first feedback control loop process.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of example 14, whereinconfiguring the plurality of power converters further comprises: settinga target value of the power converter having the highest assignedpriority level to the value of the servo target; and setting decreasingtarget values for each of the plurality of power converters indecreasing order of assigned priority level.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of example 16, furthercomprising: adjusting the assigned priority level of at least one of theplurality of power converters.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of example 16, furthercomprising: holding the servo target at a fixed value when each of theplurality of power converters is limited by at least one of: a batteryrail voltage, an input voltage of the given power converter, an inputcurrent of the given power converter, a die thermal limit, or a dutycycle of the given power converter.

Example 19 is a portable electronic device, comprising: a battery; and acontroller, wherein the controller is configured to: couple to a batterygauge, wherein the battery gauge is configured to determine one or morebattery metrics of the battery; couple to a plurality of powerconverters, wherein the plurality of power converters are configured tosupply power to a terminal of the battery; and repeatedly update a servotarget of a first feedback control loop at a first rate, based on acomparison between a charging profile and the one or more batterymetrics determined by the battery gauge, wherein each of the pluralityof power converters has an assigned priority level, and wherein theplurality of converters are configured to simultaneously charge thebattery, in accordance with their respective assigned priority level andthe servo target.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of example 19, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set a target value for each of theplurality of power converters based, at least in part, on the servotarget.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of example 20, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set the target value of the powerconverter having the highest assigned priority level to the value of theservo target.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of example 20, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set decreasing target values foreach of the plurality of power converters in decreasing order ofassigned priority level.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of example 22, wherein the targetvalue for a given power converter is set to the target value of thepower converter having an immediately higher priority level minus adifference offset amount.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of example 23, wherein thedifference offset amount is determined based, at least in part, on anaccuracy of the given power converter and the power converter having theimmediately higher priority level.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of example 19, wherein each ofthe plurality of power converters comprises a uni-directional powerconverter.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of example 19, wherein theassigned priority level of a power converter is based, at least in part,on a characteristic of a power supply coupled to the power converter.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive. The material has been presented toenable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention asclaimed and is provided in the context of particular embodiments,variations of which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art(e.g., some of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination witheach other). In addition, it will be understood that some of theoperations identified herein may be performed in different orders. Thescope of the invention therefore should be determined with reference tothe appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to whichsuch claims are entitled.

1. A battery charging controller configured to couple to a battery gaugeof a battery and a plurality of power converters, so as to supply powerto a terminal of the battery, wherein the controller is configured to:assign a priority level to each of the plurality of power converters,and cause the plurality of converters to simultaneously charge thebattery in accordance with their respective assigned priority levels. 2.The battery charging controller of claim 1, wherein the controller isfurther configured to seta target value for each of the plurality ofpower converters in accordance with a feedback control loop based on acomparison between one or more profile target values of a chargingprofile and one or more battery metrics measured by one or more sensors.3. The battery charging controller of claim 2, wherein the controller isfurther configured to set decreasing target values for each of theplurality of power converters in decreasing order of assigned prioritylevel.
 4. The battery charging controller of claim 3, wherein the targetvalue for a given power converter is set to the target value of thepower converter having an immediately higher priority level minus adifference offset amount.
 5. The battery charging controller of claim 4,wherein the difference offset amount is determined based, at least inpart, on an accuracy of the given power converter and the powerconverter having the immediately higher priority level.
 6. The batterycharging controller of claim 4, wherein the difference offset amount isnot fixed for each of the plurality of power converters.
 7. The batterycharging controller of claim 1, wherein the assigned priority level of apower converter is based, at least in part, on a characteristic of apower supply coupled to the power converter.
 8. The battery chargingcontroller of claim 1, wherein the assigned priority level of a powerconverter is not fixed.
 9. The battery charging controller of claim 1,further comprising a charging profile selector, wherein the chargingprofile selector is configured to update the one or more profile targetvalues of the charging profile based on one or more battery metricsmeasured by a battery gauge.
 10. A method performed by a batterycharging system, comprising: assigning, by a controller of the batterycharging system, a priority level to each of a plurality of powerconverters; configuring the plurality of power converters tosimultaneously charge a battery in accordance with their respectiveassigned priority levels and responsive to a feedback control loopcomprising a comparison between one or more profile target values of acharging profile and one or more battery metrics measured by a batterygauge.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: comparing the oneor more battery metrics to the corresponding profile target values ofthe charging profile to determine a minimum error, and updating a servotarget based on the minimum error, in accordance with the first feedbackcontrol loop process.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein configuringthe plurality of power converters further comprises: setting a targetvalue of the power converter having the highest assigned priority levelto the value of a servo target; and setting decreasing target values foreach of the plurality of power converters in decreasing order ofassigned priority level.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising:adjusting the assigned priority level of at least one of the pluralityof power converters.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising:holding the servo target at a fixed value when each of the plurality ofpower converters is limited by at least one of: a battery rail voltage,an input voltage of the given power converter, an input current of thegiven power converter, a die thermal limit, or a duty cycle of the givenpower converter.
 15. A portable electronic device, comprising: abattery; and a controller configured to: couple to a battery gaugeconfigured to measure one or more battery metrics of the battery; coupleto a plurality of power converters configured to supply power to aterminal of the battery; assign a priority level to each of theplurality of power converters; and configure the plurality of powerconverters to simultaneously charge the battery in accordance with theirrespective assigned priority level and a feedback control loop based ona comparison between a charging profile and the one or more batterymetrics.
 16. The portable electronic device of claim 15, wherein thecontroller is further configured to set a target value for each of theplurality of power converters based, at least in part, on a servo targetderived from the feedback control loop.
 17. The portable electronicdevice of claim 16, wherein the controller is further configured to setdecreasing target values for each of the plurality of power convertersin decreasing order of assigned priority level.
 18. The portableelectronic device of claim 17, wherein the target value for a givenpower converter is set to the target value of the power converter havingan immediately higher priority level minus a difference offset amount.19. The portable electronic device of claim 18, wherein the differenceoffset amount is determined based, at least in part, on an accuracy ofthe given power converter and the power converter having the immediatelyhigher priority level.
 20. The portable electronic device of claim 15,wherein the assigned priority level of a power converter is based, atleast in part, on a characteristic of a power supply coupled to thepower converter.